No matter how technologically advanced modern houses are, in order to maintain a comfortable temperature in the home in winter, a person must artificially compensate for the inevitable heat loss. This is why heating in the apartment is necessary. In most countries of the post-Soviet space, things are not yet very good with the energy efficiency of the housing stock, where, among other things, heavily worn-out systems are used. When making “European-quality renovations” in old buildings, owners are necessarily faced with the problem of completely replacing or modernizing the heating; apartment owners in new buildings almost always have to redo it. All heating-related activities are expensive, energy-intensive, and technically complex. Therefore, the customer who needs to replace the heating system in the apartment should understand the main points.

It is advisable to replace risers in old houses. It’s better to come to an agreement with your neighbors and do this while going through the ceiling

How does residential heating work?

Electric, air, and even stove systems are used to heat an apartment, but in apartment buildings the most practical and reliable are water systems, where water acts as a coolant. It is due to the circulation of the liquid carrier that thermal energy is transferred from the heat source to the heating devices.

This is how a gas boiler is connected in an autonomous heating system

It is important to know. In order for the heating system in an apartment to be effective, it is necessary to ensure not only sufficient water temperature, but also the proper speed of its transportation. To overcome “hydraulic resistance,” you need to use pipes of a suitable diameter and made of smooth material, as well as correctly calculate the configuration (the fewer bends, the shorter the system, the better). In the most difficult cases, circulation pumps are used.

What elements do heating systems in apartments consist of?

The design of apartment heating is more complex than it seems at first glance. The main difference between a high-quality system is its balance, which achieves the best indicators of efficiency and economy. Each component is an option; its characteristics must be selected.

Heat source

The source of heat, as a rule, is a centralized heating point. In cases where an autonomous system is implemented, the following applies:

• heating boilers for apartments (electric, gas, fuel);
• heat exchange units (water is heated by steam or other hotter liquid);
• stoves running on solid fuel.

The right heat generator must provide both the appropriate temperature and the required pressure. Power is a key indicator of a heat source.

Heating pipes in the apartment

Pipes provide transportation of heated water; they do not participate in heat transfer, therefore they are insulated. The most important technical indicators of these elements are:

• throughput/section,
• resistance to high temperatures,
• resistance to a given pressure.

Nowadays, inexpensive polymer products are most often used. They are easy to work with and resistant to corrosion. There are also fans of copper piping, and steel is slowly becoming a thing of the past.

It is important to know. For heating installation, it is necessary to select plastic pipes with special reinforcement designed to stabilize the thermal expansion of the material.

Shut-off and control valves

These are taps, split couplings, thermal heads, relief valves, filters, etc. These devices allow you to monitor the operation of the system and maintain it:

• stop the entire system;
• disconnect individual branches and remove devices (radiators, circulation pump);
• locally limit/increase circulation (read: increase or decrease heat transfer in certain rooms);
• clean the coolant.

The thermal head will allow you to lower the temperature in the room at any time and adjust the system as a whole

Heating devices

They are the main emitters of convective-radiative heat. These are, as a rule, radiators (sectional, panel, tubular). By material we can distinguish:

• cast iron,
• aluminum,
• steel,
• bimetallic.

The selection of radiators is carried out, first of all, by power, as well as by operating pressure. Additional factors should be considered: thermal inertia, ensuring a given circulation rate, the ability to work with low-quality water.

It is important to know. In centralized systems, the level of electromechanical and electrochemical corrosion is very high, so steel radiators in such conditions are not the best option.

To obtain stable convection, radiators are placed under the windows. They cannot be covered with window sills and heavy curtains.

Coolant

The coolant in centralized heating systems is water. For local heating, antifreeze is often used, which is difficult to freeze in pipes, and which does not form scale and eliminates corrosion.

To understand how heating in an apartment is calculated, you need to know the golden formula: the calorific value of the system must fully compensate for the heat loss of the building in winter (1 kW per 10 m2 is almost always enough). This will be both the boiler power and the total power of the radiators.

How to choose a heating configuration in an apartment building

In most cases there is no choice. If a typical house uses a single-pipe riser system, then installing heating in an apartment during renovation will involve replacing pipes and selecting new radiators of the required power. But autonomous, as well as apartment-by-apartment systems (when pipes are connected not to common risers, but to individual outlets on each floor), often allow a more flexible approach to design.

It is important to know. Apartment heating has its pros and cons. The advantages include: the variability of the system (type of components, wiring diagram), the ability to disconnect the apartment from heating separately (for example, for repairs), ease of temperature control and heat metering. There are very few disadvantages, the main one is that the walls can be cooled if the heating is not turned on in the neighboring unoccupied apartment. Autonomous systems have a similar set of positive characteristics, but sometimes homeowners are faced with a difficult question - how to turn off the heating in the apartment.

Optimal piping layouts are considered in each specific case individually, they are classified according to several key criteria.

1. Depending on the method of connecting the radiators, the heating of the apartment will be:
   • single-pipe,
   • two-pipe.
2. According to the location of the pipelines, the wiring is:
   • top,
   • lower,
   • horizontal,
   • vertical.
3. According to the nature of the coolant movement, heating schemes for an apartment building are divided into:
   • passing,
   • dead-end.

Autonomous heating scheme option. Pay attention to the gradation of pipe cross-sections

It is important to know. In many cases, different combinations of circuits work best.

Replacing heating is a very difficult task and the hardest thing is for those who decide to do the heating in the apartment with their own hands. Even if you entrust the design to professionals, there still remains a huge number of purely practical “little things” regarding installation that are known only to specialists. Cold radiators in the back room are not the worst thing that can happen. The main thing is not to cause a man-made disaster in a single entrance.

Video: make heating in an apartment with your own hands

It just so happens that the main housing stock in our cities is included in the service sector of utility companies. First of all, this relates to the issues of ensuring heat supply to city apartments during the heating season. The quality of the centralized heat supply system to consumers has always left much to be desired. The reason lies in the inefficiency of the existing service procedure. In addition, rising energy prices are forcing people to look for alternative ways to heat their homes.

Many apartment owners are trying to switch to autonomous heating of their apartments. What difficulties do you have to face in this case and how to make heating yourself - these are the main issues that concern our citizens today. We will try to solve the problem together and find answers to pressing questions.

Do you want to have your own heating? Algorithm of actions

Obtaining permission to disconnect

The desire of residents to improve the heating of their own apartment during the cold period is natural, if we take into account in our houses and what kind of utility costs they have to bear. At first glance, everything is simple. If you have money, take it and install a boiler in your home and heat it as you please. But there is one significant “but”. In our country, the independence of citizens, even in terms of managing their property, has its limitations. We are forced to heat our own homes using the services of public utilities. Any attempt to change the life support order of a city apartment encounters obstacles from the state.

Energy companies are monopolists in the heat supply market, and the state helps them in this by artificially limiting the ability of citizens to switch to autonomous sources of energy supply. in an apartment, made with your own hands is most often the result of a grueling struggle between residents and regulatory authorities. The whole problem is how to get permission to disconnect from the central heating supply. Existing technical standards do not allow you to independently obtain the right to autonomous heating of a city apartment without permission, even despite the fact that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation does not directly prohibit such actions for homeowners and the apartment owner has the right to refuse the services of a centralized heating system at any time. heat supply.

Important! Unauthorized shutdown of elements of the intra-house heating system is punishable by law and is an administrative offense. Article 7.21 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Violations gives a clear idea of ​​the responsibility of residents in this regard.

Organizing independent heating of your apartment with your own hands means only one thing at the initial stage. You will have to independently seek official permission to disconnect from the central heating. Already at this stage you need to decide which type of home heating is optimal in your case.

On a note: in high-rise buildings (more than 9 floors) there is no centralized gas supply in order to increase the safety of operation of residential buildings. Therefore, gas heating is acceptable mainly for residents of old apartment buildings, where there is a centralized supply of household gas.

It is up to you to decide which heating to use, gas or electricity. The main thing is that the project meets the necessary building codes and safety standards.

The project must indicate all the necessary technical parameters of heating devices, a plan and diagram for their connection, as well as detailed hydraulic calculations. Only after all bureaucratic issues have been resolved can we directly address the technical side of the issue.

Dismantling old heating

Having dealt with the energy company and received permission to disconnect, you can move on to the next stage - dismantling the piping system and radiators of the intra-house system in the apartment. In this situation, you cannot do without the help of the management company or the housing office. It is necessary to agree with these services on the procedure for disconnecting the apartment from the intra-house heating communications. Only after this can dismantling begin.

During the work process, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the sequence, cutting out exactly those nodes and elements of the system that correspond to the diagram. Otherwise, if the heat supply to other apartments is disrupted, you will have to answer not only according to the law for sabotage, but also bear the financial costs associated with paying a fine. You will have to restore damaged home communications at your own expense.

Work should begin by dismantling the main wiring elements. To give integrity to the central heating circuit, which is now useless to you, it is better to replace the riser by cutting in a new steel pipe of the same diameter instead of the old pipe. Having isolated yourself from the central heating supply, proceed to dismantling old pipelines and turning off heating appliances. Having isolated yourself from the central heating supply, proceed to dismantling and disconnecting.

For reference! There is a mandatory rule. It is strictly not recommended to use old wiring and radiators for new heating systems. Inconsistency of technical parameters, large contamination can lead to technological violations during the operation of autonomous heating.

Overview of the necessary equipment for an autonomous heating system

Gas or electricity. What's better

DIY starts with studying the project. All work must be carried out in strict accordance with technical documentation. Changing the method of heating an apartment on the fly, installing a boiler with a higher power than specified in the project and increasing the number of radiators is fraught with troubles.

Retreat: During the test launch of a finished heating system, a heating engineer must be present, who is responsible for the functionality of the new gas equipment. If there are obvious discrepancies between the available equipment and the technical data specified in the project, you may be refused to issue an official conclusion on the commissioning of gas heating.

Therefore, you need to decide in advance what is best for you - gas heating or electric heating, and which heating devices to install. The following requirements must be taken into account:

• coordination of project documentation with the energy company supplying gas or electricity;
• when installing gas heating, it will be necessary to install a coaxial chimney on the street;
• in the case of electric heating, it will be necessary to re-equip the home electrical wiring, install a three-phase meter and electrical circuit breakers;
• apartments equipped with gas boilers require installation of supply and exhaust ventilation;
• Direct connection of the boiler to the pipeline and start-up work is carried out by an authorized person, a representative of the gas distribution organization.

How to properly connect heating equipment, how to install a boiler and start the entire heating system in accordance with established standards, it is better to contact specialists on these and other issues.

It would be appropriate to remind you that choosing electric heating will not give you advantages and real savings. Heating an apartment directly with electricity is an expensive pleasure. Only by installing a multi-tariff meter will you be able to achieve a tangible economic effect. Often restrictions on the operation of electric heating are imposed by an established consumption limit. Excessive consumption of electricity will lead to unexpected costs for light and worsening temperature conditions.

A gas boiler. What are the options?

Having decided for yourself the cardinal question - the apartment will have gas heating, start by assessing the heating equipment market. Here you will have to take into account not only heat losses, but also the limited area of ​​the apartment, the number of inhabitants and your own household needs.

When choosing the type of heating boiler, place the main emphasis on a wall-mounted model. Today the market for such equipment is quite widely represented. You can always choose either a gas or an electric boiler of the appropriate power. You should not immediately grab models with high power. For a city apartment, you can get by with a 6-10 kW boiler. An approximate calculation applies here - 1 kW of thermal energy is needed to heat 10 m2 of living space with average thermal characteristics of the walls.. To this figure you can add 10-15% for heat losses.

On a note: the power of heating boilers is taken literally - without any extra charges or coefficients, since modern models have high efficiency.

Purchasing a double-circuit gas boiler is the best option to gain real independence from central heating and hot water supply. How to make heating in an apartment with your own hands using electricity, the answer is simple - you can use wall-mounted heating units with heating elements.

On a note: installation of electric boilers equipped with induction or electrode heaters will require additional installation of equipment and a control panel.

You can install a heated floor in your apartment, but in this case the best option would be not an electric floor, but a water floor. This heating method is very convenient, since the water heated floor can be connected to the main heating circuit.

Installation. Step-by-step guide to action

Wiring can be done with both metal and plastic pipes.

Making plastic heating with your own hands is much simpler and easier than working with steel pipes and shut-off valves.

The latter option looks preferable, since it does not require welding, everything is done carefully and quickly. Polypropylene pipes are durable and not subject to internal corrosion. Making your own heating from plastic pipes is much easier than working with steel pipes.

If the boiler is equipped with a circulation pump, the optimal option for heating a small two-room apartment would be a one-pipe heating system in which the number of radiators does not exceed 4-5 pieces.

The diagram shows that for a single-pipe system, connecting radiators diagonally is ideal. In this case, the coolant will be in full contact with the entire internal surface of the batteries.

For apartments with a larger living area, you need to use a two-pipe system, and if you plan to connect a heated floor and a hot water supply system, then you will also need a double-circuit boiler. The heating efficiency of all radiators in an apartment with a two-pipe system is higher than with a single-circuit system. With a two-pipe heating system in an apartment, bottom wiring and the corresponding type of radiator connection are usually used. In the diagram you can see how the pipes are arranged in the apartment, how the batteries are connected and how the hot water supply is organized in the house. The circuit, made of plastic pipes, can easily be replaced or its configuration changed if necessary.

Important! Installation of plastic heating systems is carried out only using reinforced polypropylene pipes. Unlike conventional plastic pipes, this material is not subject to large linear expansion under the influence of high coolant temperatures.

Or aluminum foil. Thanks to this design, reinforced polypropylene pipes are able to withstand high pressure (up to 25 atm.) and significant heat, in the range of 70-90 0 C. Pipes reinforced with glass fiber have a higher linear expansion rate and a tendency to bend under the influence of high temperature. Therefore, it is very important for them to pay increased attention to compensation for temperature extensions.

To ensure that each radiator can be turned off separately, it is necessary to equip them with a shut-off valve and thermostats, with which you can regulate the heating temperature in the room.

Initially, decide which type of radiator is right for you. Cast iron radiators are more reliable, but this type is characterized by high cost and cumbersome design. Bimetallic radiators are most widely used in heating systems today. The combination of steel and aluminum gives this material high performance characteristics. Steel can withstand high pressure in the system, and aluminum has excellent heat dissipation.

Low price, high technology and ease of installation make bimetallic radiators highly popular. The batteries are installed on brackets that are mounted directly into the walls. The optimal location for installing a radiator in an apartment is under a window, at a distance of no more than 10-12 cm from the window sill and at the same distance from the floor. The distance between the panels and the rear wall of the radiator should not be less than 5 cm.

On a note: You should not install heating radiators on walls adjacent to neighboring apartments. In this case, the connected radiator will warm you and your neighbors. You will pay for your neighbors' heating from your own pocket.

You choose the type of connection of radiators to pipes yourself. There are four options for connecting batteries to the pipeline:

• diagonal or cross;
• one-sided;
• lower;
• single-pipe.

The diagram below shows all four connection options with all the ensuing consequences.

Conclusion

Having completed the basic work on wiring and connecting radiators in the apartment, you can begin connecting the system to heat-generating equipment. You can set up the operation of the boiler in the presence of a specialist from the gas service. In his presence, it is necessary to check the operation of the gas boiler in all modes and adjust the operation of the automation.

The video explains in detail how you can do everything yourself

Due to the extremely low quality of heating services in apartment buildings, their owners show a great desire to provide individual heating in the apartment. What is characteristic is that technically it is absolutely not difficult to implement this idea. But refusing the services of a heat supply organization and obtaining permission to install an individual heat source sometimes becomes an impossible task. All the problems that arise in order and how to solve them will be discussed in our article.

Sequencing

So, your apartment is very cold in winter and you are tired of paying for a service that is not actually provided. Be sure to document this fact by submitting appropriate applications to the heat energy supplier and the sanitary and epidemiological station. Such recording may subsequently play a role in obtaining a refusal and in court proceedings, should the case come to him.

For reference. In the countries of the post-Soviet space, there are many legislative acts on this topic, often contradicting each other. Because of this, the question of whether it is possible to install individual heating in an apartment often has to be resolved in court.

If you follow the right path, then the procedure should be as follows:

• carrying out measures to formalize the refusal of centralized heating services and dismantling old systems;
• obtaining permission to install an individual heat source from the relevant authorities;
• choice of energy carrier for heating the apartment;
• development of technical documentation. In simple words, you need to complete a heating project with a diagram for connecting the heat source to centralized utility networks;
• coordinating it with the energy supplier and obtaining permission to install a heat generator;
• installation work on the heating system.

In practice, the greatest difficulty is passing through the first 2 stages. The heat supply organization may prevent you from refusing services, citing various legislative acts. The same story may repeat itself with obtaining permission to renovate residential premises. You may have to enlist the help of a lawyer and even go to court. The intricacies of these issues should be studied on the appropriate Internet resources.

For reference. In Ukraine, the installation of individual heating in an apartment building is prohibited by the relevant decree; in the Russian Federation there is no direct prohibition, but there are a lot of restrictions in various regulatory documents that cause discrepancies.

Choice of energy carrier

In multi-storey residential buildings this choice is small; only natural gas and electricity are at your service. If you already had a gas water heater, then replacing it with a boiler will be somewhat easier, although you cannot do it without agreement with the gas supply office. It will be more difficult to introduce gas heating from scratch, this is due to the registration procedure, chimney inspection reports, and so on.

Often there is no alternative to natural gas as an energy carrier for an apartment, since individual electric heating is not available due to a limited power consumption limit. Another reason why you shouldn't settle for electric heaters is if you live in old houses with dilapidated wiring. Let’s say you replace it within the apartment, but what next? However, the electrical network maintenance company will not give permission under such circumstances.

If the listed restrictions do not exist, we choose the energy carrier for economic reasons. Much depends on the cost of gas and electricity in different countries. For example, the owner of an apartment with individual heating from electricity in the Russian Federation will pay more than for gas, in Ukraine - depending on the electricity tariff, and so on.

Installation of gas-powered equipment will definitely cost more than electric equipment.

Project development and installation work

It is at this stage that, together with the designer, it is determined what the individual heating system in the apartment will be and the boiler is selected according to its power. The latter is safely accepted at the rate of 100 W per 1 m2 of area, this is more than enough, since even a corner apartment has many common walls with its neighbors, and heat is not lost through these structures. The type of wiring can be selected depending on the size of the home. For small apartments, a single-pipe "Leningrad" is quite suitable, and for larger rooms - a traditional two-pipe system with lower wiring.

Please note that in an apartment, only wall-mounted gas or electric boilers are suitable for you, and they already have a built-in circulation pump, and sometimes an expansion tank. So the system will be closed with forced circulation.

In addition to developing a new scheme, the design documentation must contain a section reflecting the dismantling of the old system. Batteries and connections to them are subject to disassembly and disposal; risers passing through the apartment must not be touched. Instead of a cut-out bypass, a straight section of pipe must be welded. To prevent the heat supply company from continuing to charge you, the risers should be thermally insulated.

The new individual heating scheme should include the installation of radiators with thermostatic valves at the inlet. Aluminum radiators themselves are suitable; there is no point in installing bimetallic ones. As for the gas boiler, its type depends on the presence of a chimney shaft. When it is available, you can take a simple heater with an open combustion chamber.

Attention! It is prohibited to connect the boiler to exhaust ventilation shafts. If there is no chimney duct, then only a turbocharged heat generator with a closed chamber and a coaxial pipe for exhausting gases through the wall is suitable.

By the way, for convenience, you can install a double-circuit heat source, this will allow you to refuse centralized hot water supply in the future. Also, if desired, an individual heating system with heated floors can be implemented. Here you need to pay attention to the reliability of the interfloor ceiling. When you are not sure about it, it is not recommended to start installing a screed; it is better to install heated floors on wooden logs with a laminate coating.

Since power outages also happen in apartments, for reliable operation of the gas unit it is better to have an uninterruptible power supply unit. With electric heating, the situation is more complicated; we can only hope that the outage will not last long. You can install individual heating yourself, except for one area: connecting the heat generator to the gas or electrical networks of the building. You will have to contact your energy supplier for this service.

Conclusion

As you can see, the installation of new heating in an apartment has its own characteristics. Most of the time and effort will be taken by the documentary and permitting part, and it is not a fact that you will receive this permission. In fact, do-it-yourself individual heating allows you to significantly save money spent on central heating and hot water supply. Know that your efforts will not be in vain.

Management companies themselves strongly recommend replacing heating pipes to the lucky owners of new buildings, even if branded and reliable materials from well-known manufacturers were used. Why is that? Everything is very simple:

Along with highly qualified workers, the construction site is also occupied by general workers, who during the construction process also perform very important work (due to a shortage of labor), to which they should have absolutely no access. We are talking about the installation of engineering systems, in particular the heating system;

A house takes a long time to build, there are pipe breaks and mechanical damage hidden from view by insulating material, pipes are stored for a long time in inappropriate conditions, dragged from place to place, etc.

We suggest replacing the heating pipes with new ones - manufactured by REHAU. Also, the question often arises about replacing the riser pipes that are laid from the floor distribution cabinet to the apartment; as a rule, their replacement is justified by the risk of leakage.

Also, when replacing heating pipes, we recommend switching from a tee-type heating pipe routing scheme to a collector-beam one, which is more efficient and eliminates connections in the floor screed, allowing you to leave only solid sections of pipes in the mortar layer.

Also, attention should be paid to the heating radiators installed by the developer. In 90% of cases, these are cheap, ridiculous-looking heating devices, selected not according to heat transfer efficiency, but according to the criterion of minimum price.

Therefore, think about replacing heating radiators with more aesthetic ones and selected ones with the required power for each room in the apartment. In this matter, it is important to pay attention to the design of the device, size, connection method and, most importantly, technical performance characteristics, in accordance with the requirements for the heating system from the management company.

Residents of apartment buildings often dream of individual heating for their apartment. The realization of this dream is quite possible, but it requires patience and perseverance in going through all the authorities for collecting documents for housing reconstruction.

Autonomous heating in an apartment building allows you to avoid heat problems in winter. You can maintain the desired temperature in the room throughout the year and not depend on “planned” (and “unplanned”) hot water outages. The consumer receives as much heat as he needs. This makes it possible to use energy resources in the most rational way and save a lot of money.

Statistics show that savings double and triple when heating water. Accordingly, a particular consumer spends two to three times less money on heating than with a centralized system, and his costs for hot water supply are reduced by three to five times.

Where to begin

Let's start with the legal framework. It is necessary to clearly know what the legislation says about disconnecting from the central heating system and installing an individual one. Often the local administration, citing Art. 190 Federal Law, refuses residents. In court, such a refusal will be considered unfounded. In Russian legislation, in addition to Federal Law No. 190 “On Heat Supply,” there is Government Decree No. 307 dated April 16, 2012, which considers procedure for connecting heat supply systems. It specifies a list of individual sources of thermal energy that do not meet certain requirements and are for this reason prohibited for installation in apartment buildings.

This means that the law does not prohibit the use of individual heating using modern heating boilers that meet the specified requirements. This issue has been considered more than once by courts of general jurisdiction. Refusal of local governments based on Art. 14 Federal Law “On Heat Supply”, is declared illegal.

Required documents

Thus, in order to refuse the central heating service and switch to individual heating, you need to collect a package of documents in accordance with Art. 26 Residential Complex of the Russian Federation about the reconstruction of residential premises.

The package of documents includes:

• application for reorganization;
• technical passport of the premises;
• title documents for housing (originals or copies certified by a notary);
• residential renovation project,
• consent of all family members, submitted in writing;
• conclusion of the authorities for the protection of architectural monuments on the possibility of reconstructing the premises.

Documentation for gas heating

The management company, after reviewing the application, provides a letter of permission to disconnect your apartment from central heating. This letter is necessary to order technical conditions (TU) for the installation of individual heating. If you plan to connect gas (install a gas boiler), you must address contacting the gas service.

Technical specifications are issued within ten days. In case of refusal due to lack of “technical possibility”, keep in mind that such a response is only permissible in regions where there is no gas and it is not possible to purchase it in cylinders.

After purchase certified boiler you should contact the design organization. She will prepare a project for installing a boiler, taking into account technical conditions and capabilities.

Then a project is made to disconnect from central heating in the heat supply organization. The basis for this will be letter from the HOA with permission to disconnect. It is important to receive a written response. In case of disagreement, it will be possible to go to court.

Having received the project documentation, we go with it to the local branch of the All-Russian Voluntary Firefighting Society (VDPO). There you are given fire safety act project. If necessary, a design is made for the chimney.

Then all documentation is approved by the administration. The conclusion on approval (or refusal) is made within 45 calendar days. Refusal to renovate the premises occurs on the basis of Art. 27 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation (case of failure to submit all documents). The refusal can also be appealed in court.

This is the basic diagram of how to prepare a project and legalize the transition to autonomous heating. The list of all documents may differ in different regions. More accurate information will be given to you directly at your district administration.

How to make a calculation

will hold if the heating system is installed correctly. To do this, it is necessary to accurately make all calculations, which will depend on room area(S) and from boiler power (W) per 10 m². It is also necessary to take into account the climatic features of the region. For example, for the Moscow region the power density ranges from one to one and a half kW; in the northern regions - from one and a half to two kW; in the southern regions - from 0.7 to one kW.

The power of the heating boiler is calculated using the formula: cat. = S W beat / 10. This simple calculation will help you choose the boiler you need for your apartment.

Heating calculations also depend on the design and type of heating system. The best option for an apartment is a two-pipe system. It is more complex and more expensive than single-pipe, but the quality of heating will be higher. All batteries, from the first to the last, will heat up evenly. Single pipe system Only suitable for a small number of radiators.

Boiler selection

Having decided on the equipment power required for a particular room, we move on to choosing the type of boiler. He can be single-circuit(for heating only) or double-circuit(heating + hot water supply).

Next, we decide on the type of fuel. The bulk of the expenses will go towards it. There are boilers single fuel(working on one type of fuel, for example, gas boilers or electric boilers) and combined type(combine operation on different types of fuel, for example, gas and electricity, or gas, liquid fuel and electricity).

The last thing that must be taken into account when choosing a boiler is the material of its manufacture, which affects the service life of the equipment. Often boilers are made of steel or cast iron. They are quite heavy, which makes them difficult to install, but they have a long service life.

Individual heating with gas is the most popular, since gas today is the most cheap type of fuel. A gas wall-mounted boiler with a closed combustion chamber, according to experts, is the best option for home heating. It has a horizontal chimney system, thanks to which flue gases escape to the street.

The advantages of gas heating include:

• multi-level security system;
• Possibility of use in a small apartment, since the boiler takes up little space;
• silent operation;
• maintaining the required room temperature, regardless of gas pressure;
• affordable price.

Heating an apartment with electricity can be either the main or additional heating method. The system is easy to install and easy to use, taking up little space. Boiler installation and pipes are affordable. Electric boilers are divided into floor and wall.

Heating with electricity is less in demand than heating with gas, but it is believed that in the near future this type of fuel will become the most popular. Electric boilers have their advantages:

• noiselessness;
• hygiene;
• compliance with technical and aesthetic requirements;
• efficiency;
• efficiency;
• the ability to select the desired mode for each room.

Pipe selection

Today's popular polypropylene pipes cannot always be installed in an individual heating system. Operating temperature of polypropylene - no more than 95 °C. For solid fuel boilers, the outlet temperature of the coolant reaches more than 100°C. Therefore, if a solid fuel boiler is used for heating, then metal pipes will be the best option.

The number of pipes is affected by the wiring diagram. A two-pipe system will require more material than a one-pipe system.

The nuances of choosing heating pipes are discussed in this article:

Selection of radiators

The most suitable option for autonomous heating is sectional batteries. The length of the radiator is affected heat transfer quality of one section, which, in turn, depends on the material of manufacture. One cast iron section, for example, produces 110 watts of heat, steel - 85 watts, aluminum - from 175 to 199 watts, the heat output of one section of bimetallic radiators is 199 watts.

To calculate the area heated by one section with a ceiling height of 2.7 m, you need divide the heat transfer rate of the section by 100. For example, a section of a cast iron battery heats 1.1 m². Depending on the size of the room, you can calculate the number of sections for the radiator.

Nuances that may be present when calculating the number of sections in a room:

• in a corner room or one with access to a balcony, 2-3 sections are added;
Radiators are installed and pipes are supplied. All other actions (installation of the boiler, installation of auxiliary equipment, gas supply, laying of risers) are best left to professionals.

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to check it for leaks. The most reliable, but also risky way to do this is fill the system with coolant. If the system is made incorrectly, a leak will occur, which will require eliminating its consequences. Leaks are mainly located in places section connections radiator or pipes.

Price issue

The cost of installing an individual heating system depends on the size of the apartment, the choice of materials, boiler, pipes, and heating scheme (one-pipe or two-pipe). So, for example, in Moscow you will have to pay for the transition to individual heating at least 2000 USD It all depends on the complexity and volume of work.

So, installing an autonomous heating system will significantly save money when paying for housing and communal services. At the same time, for less money you can create the greatest comfort in your apartment.