This page provides information on the classification of piles used to construct foundations in housing, hydraulic engineering and road construction. All types of existing piles are considered - from screw to reinforced concrete, their main standard sizes and scope of application are indicated.

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Piles are the main components in the construction of various buildings, and especially multi-storey buildings and in conditions of clay or sandy soils. However, when installing piles, the issue is decided not only about their quantity, but also about the type of piles used, since the variety of these materials for various reasons is numerous and the quality and durability of the building as a whole ultimately depends on the correct choice.

Pile classification

For various reasons, piles are classified into hundreds of groups, and each of them is used under certain conditions and according to certain rules. Let's take a closer look at each of them. Firstly, depending on the type of materials, piles are divided:

• reinforced concrete;
• concrete.

Each type will be described in more detail below. Depending on the cross-sectional shape, the pile surfaces are divided into:

• round;
• square;
• rectangular.

Round They are used in construction in clayey soils and are screwed in using a screw method, without the use of fender mechanisms.
Square And rectangular are used in harder types of soil and are mounted using sledgehammer-type fendering mechanisms.

Depending on the structural features, piles are divided into solid and composite. Solid piles are monolithic reinforced concrete trunks, the length of which varies between 6-20 meters; they can have longitudinal or longitudinal-transverse reinforcement. - multi-sectional structures consisting of an upper and lower part, joined during immersion by welding or bolting. The total length of composite piles can reach up to 48 m; they are used in construction in areas with a thick layer of weak surface soil, for which the length of solid piles is not enough to cut through.

Rice. 1.1

Depending on the method of working in the ground, reinforced concrete supports are classified into stand piles and hanging piles. The differences between them are that the stability of the rack piles is achieved by resting the base of the pillar on a high-density layer of soil. They dive to a depth of up to 20 meters, bypassing weak surface soil layers. Such supports are considered the most reliable; they do not shrink during operation and are highly resistant to horizontal and buoyant loads.

Rice. 1.2

Hanging piles gain stability due to the frictional force of the trunk walls with the surrounding soil. The side contour of the pile absorbs and distributes over the ground about 70% of all loads received by the pile from the mass of the building. Such supports are rarely used as single piles; their main area of ​​application is the construction of pile bushes and dense pile fields, where the maximum level of their stability is achieved by compacting the soil with adjacent piles.

Rice. 1.3

According to the method of location in the ground, pile supports are divided into vertical and inclined. Vertical supports are used to construct foundations in stable soils that do not exert strong horizontal loads on the building foundation. In areas with soil prone to shifting, foundations are supplemented with inclined piles (immersed with a slope from the vertical of up to 30 degrees), which, acting as lateral struts, give the foundation additional resistance to deformation.

Rice. 1.4

Depending on the installation method, we can distinguish: printed And driving. Their main difference comes down to the mechanism used during their installation. In addition, the driven ones are installed in pre-drilled wells, and the driven ones are immersed in sandy or clayey soils. Depending on the location and load received, piles are divided into: central and auxiliary. The central piles take on the entire load of the foundation, and the auxiliary piles only bear the load with eccentricity.

See also:

Metal piles

This type of pile is made of metal beams with a diameter of 30 to 120 cm, depending on the area of ​​the foundation. Instead of beams, steel pipes or certain types of profiles can be used. A solid pile is made by welding several pipes into a box section with a cap at the end. After immersion, the tip serves as an earthen cone, which is subsequently filled with soil to the base of the pile.

Metal piles have again become widely used in construction due to their high strength properties. However, when using this type of pile, it is important to remember that metal is prone to rust or corrosion, especially under the influence of groundwater or frost, and therefore before immersion in the ground they must be treated with an anti-corrosion solution.

Application of metal piles The use of metal screw piles is especially attractive if the terrain of the site is too complex and the soil has too high a moisture level. In this case, it is not necessary to carry out complicated excavation work; metal piles can even be installed independently without the help of mechanisms.

Screw-type metal structures are the main type of piles in individual construction. Their load-bearing capacity, in comparison with reinforced concrete piles, is limited, which does not allow their use as foundation supports for heavy multi-story buildings, however, when arranging prefabricated frame and wooden houses, this is the best possible option.

Rice. 1.5: Types of metal screw piles

The popularity of foundations on screw piles is due to the minimum installation time - a full-fledged foundation for a standard building measuring 10*10 m can be built within 2-3 days - one of them is spent on screwing the piles, the second - on tying the piles with a grillage, while the classic Reinforced concrete foundations require at least 30 days for construction, which is necessary for the concrete to gain strength.

Important: screw piles allow construction on areas with sloping terrain; they do not require leveling the site for the construction of a house - piles of different lengths are used to construct the foundation, which, after immersion, are leveled to the same zero level.

Rice. 1.6

The areas of application of metal screw piles are as follows:

• Construction of foundations for light buildings from frame and panel panels, timber, logs, foam concrete;
• Supports for fences, fencing;
• Supports for hydraulic structures - bridges, piers, piers;
• Strengthening unstable slopes and slopes;
• Arrangement of temporary foundations for portable structures - attractions, shopping pavilions, advertising boards;
• Use as anchor piles when strengthening pits.

Screw piles are also widely used in the reconstruction and strengthening of dilapidated foundations. They can be immersed both under the contour of the walls of the building (the house is raised above the existing foundation using hydraulic jacks), and close to the walls, after which they are connected to the foundation using external beams.

Rice. 1.7

Interesting stuff:

Reinforced concrete piles

Reinforced concrete piles are divided into:

• prefabricated;
• monolithic.

Prefabricated piles- this is a structure made of ready-made reinforced concrete block structures that are strengthened and connected to each other.

Monolithic piles- this is a solid pile of a certain cross-section, which is driven into a pile field, provided that the length of the standard pile is sufficient.

Reinforced concrete piles classified:

• Printed;

Rice. 1.8

Driven piles are created by drilling wells in the area and filling them with concrete (in unstable soils, drilling is carried out under the protection of a casing). After drilling, a reinforcement cage is immersed into the excavation and concrete solution is injected into the well through a concrete pipe.

Driven piles can have a cylindrical shape or have a widening of the supporting base (the widening is created using special drilling columns with folding blades or using camouflage technology, in which an explosive is detonated at the bottom of the well).

Rice. 1.9

Bored piles are made using a similar technology, however, the well is filled with concrete during its development through a special drill string with an internal channel for supplying concrete (CFA drill string). The reinforcement cage is lowered into a well already filled with concrete using a vibratory loader.

Important: the creation of reinforced concrete piles using bored technology can significantly reduce the time required for arranging foundation supports.

Rice. 2.0

Driven piles are industrially produced reinforced concrete products driven into the ground by impact driving, vibration driving or static indentation. The classification of driven piles into types is carried out based on the cross-section of the structure and the method of reinforcement of the pile.

Rice. 2.1

According to the method of reinforcement there are:

• Piles with longitudinal reinforcement;
• Piles with longitudinal-transverse reinforcement;

Piles with a reinforced frame made using pre-stressing technology (the reinforcement is stretched using hydraulic jacks, after which concrete is poured into the formwork, forming the body of the pile; after the concrete has set, the jacks release the reinforcement, resulting in the maximum possible compaction of the concrete).

Rice. 2.2

Depending on the cross-section, driven piles are divided into the following types:

• With a solid square section (dimensions from 20*20 to 40*40 cm, length - from 3 to 20 meters);
• Square piles with an internal cavity (dimensions from 25*25 to 40*40 cm, length from 3 to 8 meters, cavity diameter from 110 to 275 mm);
• Rectangular piles (20*40, 20*45 and 20*50 cm, length from 3 to 16 meters);
• Hollow piles of round cross-section (divided into tubular piles - diameter from 40 to 80 cm, length from 4 to 12 m, and shell piles - diameter from 100 to 300 cm, length - 6-12 m).

Important: square and round piles can be solid or composite - consisting of two joining sections. The extension of composite piles allows the formation of reinforced concrete supports with a total length of up to 48 meters.

Rice. 2.3

Where are reinforced concrete piles used?

The main area of ​​application of reinforced concrete piles is the construction of foundations for heavy multi-storey buildings in residential and industrial construction. Almost all buildings over 5 floors high are erected on pile foundations.

Important: foundations on reinforced concrete piles have maximum reliability and stability in any type of soil, including low-density and moisture-saturated silty and swampy soils, embankments, heaving soils and soil prone to horizontal shifts.

Rice. 2.4

Reinforced concrete piles transfer the load from the building to a deep layer of high-density soil, which allows construction to be carried out in areas where no other foundation will have sufficient stability.

Reinforced concrete piles are also used:

• As foundations for hydraulic structures - piers, berths, dams, hydroelectric power stations;
• As foundations for road and railway bridges on land and water;
• As supports for engineering structures - pipelines, power lines;
• As support columns holding the interfloor ceilings of frame structures - hangars, warehouses;
• When reconstructing foundations, as additional supports that absorb part of the load emanating from the mass of the building;

Rice. 2.5

Driving different types of piles

The choice between metal and reinforced concrete piles depends on:

• depending on the number of storeys of the building
• depending on soil type
• on humidity conditions.

So in for construction two or more storey buildings our company offers reinforced concrete piles, and for the construction of small country houses or bathhouses, metal piles are quite suitable.

Contact us and we will do the work

Offers services for the selection and installation of piles of various types and in various conditions. Everything will depend both on the client’s wishes and on the conclusion of our specialists, who, after examining the site and soil, will make their verdict regarding the possibility of using a pile of one type or another.

Our company "Pile Installation" supplies and drives piles in the Moscow region -

Class 84c, 2

Registered in Byu on the USSR

A. M. Kryukov

Prefabricated reinforced concrete pile supports have not become widespread due to the fact that all the structures used required great precision in the execution of piling work, both in terms of the distance between the piles in the plan and in terms of the location of the heads of the driven piles at the same elevation. Therefore, as a rule, after driving the piles, it became necessary to process their heads.

This treatment consists of either destroying the heads of excessively long piles or building up short ones.

The last operation is extremely labor-intensive, since to build up a pile it is necessary to break its head in order to expose the reinforcement of the pile, and then install the reinforcement and formwork of the section being built up; Only after this can concrete be laid. Since in construction practice there are almost no cases when the heads of all driven reinforced concrete piles are located at the same level, such work occurs as a rule. This reduces the effect obtained from the use of existing prefabricated reinforced concrete pile structures to such an extent that on-site fabrication of the nozzle is considered more appropriate.

The invention aims to eliminate the above-mentioned disadvantages and consists in the following.

In the reinforced concrete beams (nozzles) connecting the heads of the piles, nests with shoulders are made in their upper part; With these nests, the beams are placed on the heads of the piles, after which the nests are filled with concrete.

Thus, the proposed support will have the advantages of a prefabricated structure, while at the same time ensuring monolithicity, thanks to the filling of the nests with concrete.

In the drawing FIG. 1 shows an approximate form of implementation of the proposed device in relation to intermediate supports of bridges (external view); fig. 2 and 3 - section 1 - I u II - II in Fig. 1; fig. 4" longitudinal vertical section along the support; fig. 5 - beam (nozzle) in axonometry; fig. 6 - side view of the beam with a partial section; fig.

7 - beam in plan.

The pile support shown in the drawing consists of piles 1 and a box-shaped attachment 2. Reinforced concrete piles to save material and also to lighten weight

¹ 63656 and the convenience of immersion with the help of washing are made tubular. They can be produced centrifugally, which provides greater strength and makes it possible to produce piles of large diameter and small thickness. The length of the nozzle is made up of two box-shaped beams of a U-shaped section that are completely identical in design. Dividing the nozzle into two parts makes it possible to create a transverse slope when installing it by correspondingly tilting each half. The beams have transverse partitions (diaphragms) 3. Each pair of diaphragms, together with the walls of the beam, forms a nest into which the head of the pile enters when installing the nozzles. The dimensions of the socket in plan are assigned in such a way that assembly of the support is possible when the pile deviates from the vertical in any direction. The horizontal flange of the beam within the nests has 4 holes for supplying concrete, with the help of which the head of the pile is sealed. The dimensions of this hole are taken to be slightly smaller than the dimensions of the socket, due to which shoulders are formed in the upper part of the socket with which the beam can rest on the head of the pile.

In cases where the pile heads are at different levels. the nozzle is installed in the design position using concrete spacers installed between the pile heads and the shoulders of the sockets. The gaskets are made in the form of rings 5 ​​or bars 6.

After adjusting the position of the nozzles, the remaining hole between the pile and the walls of the nest is closed with metal inventory formwork and the compartment is filled with concrete from above. If you do not close the hole of the pile from above, then during concreting the entire pile will be filled with concrete. Because of this, the hole in the pile is covered with a concrete circle 7, which falls 40 - 50 cm below the nozzle and is supported by wire having hooks at the ends that rest on

1 pile end. Before filling the inside of the pile with concrete, in order to avoid leakage of cement laitance, a 3-inch layer of sand should be poured onto the installed concrete circle.

5 cm. The halves of the nozzles are connected on the middle pile. Here, for a more durable connection, reinforcement is placed in the joining compartment.

Due to the significant height of the nozzles and the adopted method of connecting them to the piles, with a difference in the height of the pile heads up to 50º”

60 cm, the support can be assembled without any additional work. In cases where the difference exceeds the specified limit, additional work is required to build up or shorten the piles.

Both types of work are performed before installing the nozzle. Pile extension is carried out by installing a piece of pile of the required length on a short pile and merging it with a new pile, by installing an internal reinforced concrete plug at their junction.

Pile shortening is done by destroying the excessive height of the pile. It should be noted that concerns about damage to the lower sides of the concrete when the pile head is destroyed are not significant, due to the significant length of embedding the pile into the cap.

Subject of the invention

The device of reinforced concrete pile supports using beams (nozzles) connecting the piles, characterized in that the beams (nozzles) have through sockets with

Anvils in the upper part of them, for the purpose of rigidly connecting the beams with the piles, by putting the beams with their sockets on the heads of the piles and then filling the sockets with concrete.

2. The form of the device according to claim 1, characterized in that the beams (nozzles) have a U-shaped cross-section with transverse partitions 3 forming nests.

Printing house of Gosplanizdat, named after. Vorovsky, Kaluga.

Rep. editor D. A, Mikhailov

1123569, Signed for publication on 13/VII 1946.

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Tech. editor M. V. Smolyakov

Circulation 500 copies. 1Lena 65 k. Zak. 105

- RANNILA steel piles

The RR tubular metal pile is made of a steel pipe with a longitudinal seam produced by the Finnish steelworks Rautaruukki. A mechanically extended pile has the widest range of applications and does not require heavy driving equipment. RR piles, which are produced with low material consumption, have received type approval from the Finnish Ministry of the Environment. When calculating loads and driving, it is necessary to be guided by the manufacturer's design instructions, which are approved when issuing type approval. Application area RR piles are used as support piles during the repair and reconstruction of buildings, for supporting foundations and machine frames and

With a pneumatic tamper, RR piles can be driven conveniently even in tight and inaccessible places.

equipment, when laying the foundations of hangars, individual houses, cottages, blocked houses, etc.
Specifications
The technical characteristics of the piles are given in the table below.

DIMENSIONS AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RR PILES

	Diameter Du, mm	Thickness walls, mm	Weight, kg/m	Type of extension/method of extension
				Fixed	Mobile

Extension method
RR piles are built up with overlays, which are adjacent to the pile shaft by frictional force. Welding connections are not used on the construction site, with the exception of the largest piles. The standard approvals of the Ministry of the Environment (4/6121/96 and 159/5331/93) also cover RR pile caps. A type approval record is applied to each individual element of the pile at the site of extension. Lining
Protective pads RR are placed under the lower heads of the piles, which are available in 2 types: for soil and rocky soil.
Headguard
An RR cap is installed on the top head of the pile, which is attached to the pile shaft with bushings. The connection of the pile with the structure superimposed on it is calculated as a hinge, however, with a pile height of up to 3 m, a rigid connection is used between it and the supported structure, whenever possible.

RR Head Dimensions

Corrosion
Corrosion of the steel pile must be taken into account when calculating loads. The tolerance for corrosion is taken depending on the rate of corrosion of the pile and the design service life of the supported structure.
The corrosion rate in mineral-bearing soils averages below 0.02 mm/g, i.e., 1 mm per 50 years.
Load bearing capacity
The maximum permissible load on the RR pile is set according to the lowest of the following indicators:
- Maximum permissible central
structural compressive load
- @SHIARIK = maximum permissible on-
buckling load
- Geotechnical bearing capacity
The maximum permissible central structural load for compression (crushing) of an RR pile is 33-58% of the lower yield point of the pile steel (Instructions for driving piles LPO-87 of the Geotechnical Society of Finland, clause 3.4231).
Longitudinal bending
When driving into soft soils, longitudinal bending must be taken into account as a factor that can affect the load-bearing capacity of the pile. The table next shows the maximum buckling loads for RR piles.
The strength of the soil surrounding the pile can be determined, for example, by a blade shear test. The radius of the initial rounding must be checked against the finished pile, for example, using a flashlight.

		Radius of initial curvature, m	Maximum permissible load on the pile, kN Shear strength of undrained soil, kN/m2

Maximum permissible buckling load of RR piles with a corrosion tolerance of 1 mm

Geotechnical bearing capacity
The geotechnical load-bearing capacity of the RR pile is ensured by driving the pile into the ground until the specified driving resistance is achieved. Steel piles are usually used for support, and in this case the geotechnical bearing capacity is equal to the bearing capacity of the lower cap. Sufficient geotechnical strength can be achieved, for example, by using a falling ram, pneumatic rammer, etc. equipment. If the impact force of the driving equipment is not known, the equipment must be calibrated, for example, by measuring shock waves (compaction shocks).
Engineering-geological surveys
To design driving, it is necessary to know the immersion depth of the piles, and in the case of soft soils, the shear strength of the undrained soil. For more detailed design instructions, please refer to Ministry of Environment approved instructions available from the RR pile manufacturer and dealers.